1. General Science

What it is: General Science covers a broad range of science topics from physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics. It tests your overall scientific knowledge and understanding!

• Basic physics concepts
• General chemistry principles
• Biology fundamentals
• Mathematics basics
• Scientific reasoning

2. Quantitative Reasoning & Analysis

What it is: Quantitative Reasoning tests your ability to perform numerical calculations, interpret data, and analyze statistical information. You need to work with numbers, graphs, and statistics!

• Numerical calculations
• Data interpretation (graphs, tables, pie charts, bar charts)
• Statistical measures (mode, median, mean)
• Graphical analysis
• Percentage, ratio and proportion

3. Research Aptitude

What it is: Research Aptitude tests your logical thinking, problem-solving skills, and analytical reasoning. It includes puzzles, patterns, and logical deductions!

• Logical reasoning
• Puzzles
• Series formation
• Coding and decoding
• Direction and distance
• Ranking and arrangement
• Clock and calendar problems

1. Thermodynamics

What it is: Thermodynamics studies energy changes in chemical reactions. It answers questions like "Will this reaction happen by itself?" and "How much energy will it release?"

• Laws of thermodynamics
• Entropy and Gibbs free energy
• Chemical potential and fugacity
• Phase equilibria
• Solution thermodynamics

2. Quantum Chemistry

What it is: Quantum Chemistry explains how tiny particles (electrons, atoms) behave. It uses math to predict where electrons are likely to be found and how they move.

• Schrödinger equation
• Hydrogen atom and atomic orbitals
• Molecular orbital theory
• Valence bond theory
• Hückel theory

3. Spectroscopy

What it is: Spectroscopy uses light and energy to study molecules. Different types help identify what molecules are present and their structure - like fingerprinting for chemicals!

• UV-Visible spectroscopy
• IR spectroscopy
• NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C)
• Mass spectrometry
• ESR and Mossbauer spectroscopy

4. Chemical Kinetics

What it is: Chemical Kinetics studies how fast reactions happen. It explains why some reactions take seconds while others take years, and what controls their speed.

• Rate laws and reaction mechanisms
• Catalysis (homogeneous & heterogeneous)
• Reaction kinetics in solution
• Photochemistry
• Surface chemistry

5. Statistical Thermodynamics

What it is: Statistical Thermodynamics uses probability and statistics to understand how large numbers of particles behave. It connects microscopic behavior to what we observe.

• Partition functions
• Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
• Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics
• Ensemble theory

6. Electrochemistry

What it is: Electrochemistry studies the relationship between electricity and chemical reactions. It explains how batteries work and how to predict if a reaction will produce electricity.

• Electrochemical cells
• Nernst equation
• Conductance and transport numbers
• Ionic solutions and Debye-Hückel theory

1. Reaction Mechanisms

What it is: Reaction Mechanisms show the step-by-step path of how one molecule changes into another. Like following a recipe, but for chemical transformations.

• Nucleophilic substitution (SN1, SN2)
• Elimination reactions (E1, E2)
• Electrophilic aromatic substitution
• Nucleophilic addition to carbonyls
• Pericyclic reactions

2. Name Reactions

What it is: Name Reactions are famous chemical reactions named after the scientists who discovered them. These are the 'classic recipes' every chemist should know!

• Grignard, Wittig, Diels-Alder
• Friedel-Crafts, Claisen, Reformatsky
• Pinnick, Swern, Sharpless
• Heck, Suzuki, Sonogashira
• Cross-coupling reactions

3. Stereochemistry

What it is: Stereochemistry studies the 3D arrangement of atoms in molecules. Same atoms, different 3D shapes can have very different properties (like left and right hands).

• Chirality and enantiomers
• Diastereomers and meso compounds
• R/S nomenclature
• Conformational analysis
• Optical activity

4. Heterocyclic Chemistry

What it is: Heterocyclic Chemistry studies ring-shaped molecules that contain atoms other than carbon. Many medicines and natural products are heterocycles!

• Five-membered rings (pyrrole, furan, thiophene)
• Six-membered rings (pyridine, pyrimidine)
• Fused heterocycles
• Synthesis and reactions

5. Natural Products

What it is: Natural Products are chemicals found in living things - plants, animals, and microorganisms. Many medicines come from natural products!

• Terpenes and steroids
• Alkaloids
• Carbohydrates
• Nucleic acids and proteins

6. Organometallics

What it is: Organometallics are compounds with carbon-metal bonds. These are powerful tools for making complex molecules, used in many industrial processes.

• Organolithium and Grignard reagents
• Transition metal complexes
• Catalytic reactions
• Asymmetric synthesis

1. Periodic Properties

What it is: Periodic Properties show patterns across the periodic table. Understanding these trends helps predict how elements will behave without memorizing everything.

• Atomic and ionic radii
• Ionization energy and electron affinity
• Electronegativity
• Oxidation states

2. Coordination Chemistry

What it is: Coordination Chemistry studies how metal atoms bind with other molecules. Like understanding how a key fits a lock, but for metal complexes.

• Crystal field theory
• Ligand field theory
• Coordination geometries
• Isomerism in complexes
• Reaction mechanisms

3. Main Group Elements

What it is: Main Group Elements are the main elements of the periodic table (groups 1-2 and 13-18). These include most of the common elements we encounter daily.

• Group 1 & 2: Alkali and alkaline earth metals
• Group 13-18: Boron to Noble gases
• Hydrides, oxides, halides
• Important compounds and applications

4. Transition Elements

What it is: Transition Elements are the metals in the middle of the periodic table. They have multiple oxidation states and are important in catalysis and materials.

• 3d, 4d, 5d transition metals
• Lanthanides and actinides
• Oxidation states and compounds
• Magnetic properties

5. Solid State Chemistry

What it is: Solid State Chemistry studies how atoms arrange themselves in crystals and materials. Important for understanding materials like semiconductors and superconductors.

• Crystal structures and lattices
• Defects in solids
• Band theory
• Semiconductors and superconductors

6. Organometallic Chemistry

What it is: Inorganic Organometallics combine metals with carbon-containing groups. These complexes are crucial catalysts in many chemical processes.

• Metal-carbon bonds
• 18-electron rule
• Important organometallics (ferrocene, etc.)
• Catalysis applications

1. Separation Methods

What it is: Separation Methods are techniques to separate mixtures into pure components. Like sorting different colored candies, but for molecules!

• Chromatography (GC, HPLC, TLC)
• Electrophoresis
• Extraction techniques
• Distillation and crystallization

2. Spectroscopic Methods

What it is: Spectroscopic Methods use different types of light/energy to identify and measure chemicals. Each method gives different information about the sample.

• Atomic absorption/emission
• ICP-MS and ICP-OES
• X-ray spectroscopy
• Electron microscopy

3. Electroanalytical Methods

What it is: Electroanalytical Methods use electricity to detect and measure chemicals. Like a pH meter, but for many different types of measurements.

• Potentiometry
• Voltammetry and polarography
• Conductometry
• Electrochemical sensors

4. Data Analysis

What it is: Data Analysis involves processing and interpreting measurement results. It helps ensure your answers are accurate and reliable.

• Statistical methods
• Error analysis
• Calibration curves
• Signal-to-noise ratio